Carbonization gases

Smouldering Gases

Smouldering gases are gaseous compounds that are produced during the incomplete combustion of organic materials when there is insufficient oxygen for complete combustion. These gases are often toxic and flammable, posing a significant danger, especially in enclosed spaces. Smouldering gases can occur during fires, in heating systems, or during industrial processes where materials such as wood, coal, plastic, or other combustibles burn incompletely.

Formation of Smouldering Gases

Smouldering gases are generated under conditions where the temperature is high enough to decompose organic material but not sufficient to ensure complete combustion:

Incomplete combustion: When combustible materials burn under oxygen deficiency, a variety of smouldering gases are formed, including carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and other hydrocarbons.
Pyrolysis: During the thermal decomposition of organic matter without sufficient oxygen supply, volatile compounds are produced that can escape into the environment as smouldering gases.
Glowing phase of a fire: During the glowing phase of a fire, where flames are often invisible but decomposition and gas formation continue, smouldering gases are produced.

Dangers of Smouldering Gases

Toxicity: Many smouldering gases, especially carbon monoxide, are highly toxic and can cause poisoning that may be fatal when inhaled.
Explosion risk: Smouldering gases are often flammable and can ignite explosively if sufficient oxygen is supplied and an ignition source is present, causing severe damage.
Asphyxiation hazard: In enclosed spaces, smouldering gases can accumulate and displace oxygen, leading to suffocation.
Environmental impact: Smouldering gases can be released into the atmosphere, contributing to air pollution and the formation of ground-level ozone, which is harmful to health.

Detection and Prevention of Smouldering Gases

Gas detectors: The use of gas detectors that respond to carbon monoxide and other hazardous gases can help detect smouldering gases early and take appropriate action.
Adequate ventilation: In areas where smouldering gases may occur, good ventilation should be ensured to reduce the concentration of these gases.
Regular maintenance: Heating systems, furnaces, and other equipment that process combustible materials should be regularly maintained to prevent incomplete combustion.
Avoid oxygen deficiency: In fire and industrial zones, care should be taken to ensure that sufficient oxygen is present to enable complete combustion.

Actions in the Event of Smouldering Gases

Immediate evacuation: People should leave the affected area immediately to avoid the risk of poisoning or explosion.
Ventilation of the area: The affected area should be thoroughly ventilated to reduce the concentration of smouldering gases.
Emergency call: If elevated concentrations of smouldering gases are suspected, the emergency services should be alerted immediately to obtain professional assistance.
Avoid ignition sources: All ignition sources, such as open flames, sparks, or electrical equipment, should be avoided to minimise the risk of an explosion.
Monitoring and analysis: After smouldering gases are detected, the source of the gas and the cause of its formation should be investigated to prevent future incidents.

Conclusion

Smouldering gases are hazardous gaseous compounds produced during incomplete combustion and pose significant health and safety risks. Early detection, preventive measures, and quick action in an emergency can greatly reduce the dangers posed by smouldering gases. Good ventilation, regular maintenance of equipment, and the use of gas detectors are essential to minimise such risks and ensure a safe environment.